Unit 1
Companies
Joint-stock company: (noun) p.7a business which is owned by the group of the people who have shares in the company (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:Most large corporations are public limited or joint- stock companies.
Shareholder: (noun) p.7 a person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:Shareholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week.
Multinational: (adjective) p.7 involving several different countries, or (of a business) producing and selling goods in several different countries (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The UN has sent a multinational peace-keeping force.
Unit 3
Resource: p.23 (noun) a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization or person. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
Weakness: p.24 (noun) when someone or something is not strong or powerful. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:mAny change of policy will be interpreted as a sign of weakness.
Potential: p.25 (noun) possible when the necessary conditions exist (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying.
Diverse: p.25 (noun) varied or different (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city.
Leader: p.25 (noun) a person in control of a group, country or situation (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The Russian leader wants to introduce further changes.
Trend: p.25 (noun) a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are behaving (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Surveys show a trend away from home-ownership and towards rented accommodation.
Founder: p.25 (noun) someone who establishes an organization (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: She is the founder and managing director of the company.
Unit 6
Marketing
Corrupt: p.51 (adjective) dishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for money (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Both companies are under investigation for corrupt practices.
Outsourcing: p.59 (noun) if a company outsources, it pays to have part of its work done by another company (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The management guaranteed that outsourcing wouldn´t mean job less.
Globalisation: p.59 (noun) the increase of trade around the world, especiasally by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: We must take advantage of the increased globalization of the commodity trading business.
Cost savings:p.59 (noun) the fact of saving money, or of spending less money than was planned (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: In the present economic climate cost saving is vital to profitability.
Operating costs:p.59 (noun) a cost involved in using a machine, piece of equipment, building, etc.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The floodlight uses one of the most common lamp series in use, for greater availability at lower operating costs.
Offshoring: p.59 (noun) the practice of paying someone in another country to do part of a company's work.(cambridge dictionaries)ex.:
Back office:p.59 (noun) the part of a company that does not deal directly with customers. (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: The back office plays a vitual role in the timely settlement of deals.
Facilities:p.59 (noun) the buildings , equipment and services procided for a particular purpose. (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: shopping facilities.
Labour:p.59 (noun) practical work, especially that which involves physical effort. (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: The car parts themselves are not expensive, it's the labour that costs the money.
Redundant:p.61 (adjective) having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:To keep the company alive, half the workforce is being made redundant.
Layoffs:p.61 (noun) when someone stops employing someone, sometimes temporarily, because there is no money to pay them or because there is no work for them.(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: The recent economic crisis has led to massive layoffs.
White-collar work:p.61 (adjective) relating to people who work in offices, doing work that needs mental rather than physical effort. (campbridge dictionaries)ex.:
Immigrants:p.61 (noun) a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently.(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.
Surplus:p.61 (noun) an amount which is more than is needed.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.:The world is now producing large food surpluses.
Expand: p.61(verb) to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The air in the balloon expands when heated.
Goods: p.61 (plurar noun) food, such as coffee and flour, that is solid and dry.
Services: p.61 (plural noun) the part of an organization which answers customers' questions, exchanges goods which have been damaged.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
Backlash: p.61 (noun) a strong feeling among a group of people in reaction to a change or recent events in society or politics.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
the Sixties backlash against bourgeois materialism.
Companies
Joint-stock company: (noun) p.7a business which is owned by the group of the people who have shares in the company (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:Most large corporations are public limited or joint- stock companies.
Shareholder: (noun) p.7 a person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:Shareholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week.
Multinational: (adjective) p.7 involving several different countries, or (of a business) producing and selling goods in several different countries (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The UN has sent a multinational peace-keeping force.
Subsidiaries: (noun) p.7 company which is owned by a larger company (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
Assets: (noun) p.7 something valuable belonging to a person or organization which can be used for the payment of debts (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software.
Assets: (noun) p.7 something valuable belonging to a person or organization which can be used for the payment of debts (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software.
Merger: (noun) p.7 when two or more companies join together (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
She's an attorney who advises companies about mergers and takeovers.
The merger of these two companies would create the world's biggest accounting firm.
Acquisition: (noun) p.7 something such as a building, another company, or a piece of land that is bought by a company, or the act of buying it (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
Dotcom companies: ex.: The large corporation is increasingly under threat from the growing number of dotcoms set up by entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs: (noun) p.7 someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: He was one of the entrepreneurs of the eighties who made their money in property.
Industrial: (adgective) p.9 in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: He has an industrial background (= He has worked in industry).
Stability: (noun) p.9 when something is not likely to move or change (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
Hierarchical: (adgective) p.9 the people in the upper levels of an organization who control it (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: It's a very hierarchical organization in which everyone's status is clearly defined.
Freelance workers:
Consumers: (noun) p.9 a person who buys goods or services for their own use (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The new telephone rates will affect all consumers including businesses.
Strategy
Market: p.23 (noun) the business or trade in a particular product, including financial products. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: the stock market
Competition: p.23 (noun)an organized event in which people try to win a prize by being the best, fastest, etc. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: a swimming/chess competition
Opportunities: p.23 (noun) the chance to get a job. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: There are far more opportunities now for school leavers than there were fifty years ago.
Threats: p.23 (noun) a suggestion that something unpleasant or violent will happen, especially if a particular action or order is not followed. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:The threat of jail failed to deter him from petty crime.
Objective: p.23 (noun) something which you plan to do or achieve (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Can the sales force achieve/meet its financial objectives?
Weakness: p.24 (noun) when someone or something is not strong or powerful. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:mAny change of policy will be interpreted as a sign of weakness.
Potential: p.25 (noun) possible when the necessary conditions exist (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying.
Diverse: p.25 (noun) varied or different (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city.
Leader: p.25 (noun) a person in control of a group, country or situation (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The Russian leader wants to introduce further changes.
Trend: p.25 (noun) a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are behaving (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Surveys show a trend away from home-ownership and towards rented accommodation.
Founder: p.25 (noun) someone who establishes an organization (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: She is the founder and managing director of the company.
Unit 6
Marketing
Brand: p.50 (noun) a type of product made by a particular company (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: This isn't my usual brand of deodorant.
Promotion: p.50 (noun) activities to advertise something (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: a sales promotion
Manipulate: p.51 (verb) to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media.
Corrupt: p.51 (adjective) dishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for money (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: Both companies are under investigation for corrupt practices.
Global: p.51 (adjective) relating to the whole world (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: a global problem
Value: p.51 (noun) the amount of money which can be received for something (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: She had already sold everything of value that she possessed.
Aspiration: p.51 (noun) something that you hope to achieve (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: I've never had any political aspirations.
Quality: p.51 (noun) how good or bad something is (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: a shop advertising top quality electrical goods
Advertisement: p.51 (noun) a picture, short film, song, etc. which tries to persuade people to buy a product or service (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
Example: a television/newspaper advertisement for a new car
Compete: p.51 (verb) to try to be more successful than someone or something else (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: It's difficult for a small supermarket to compete against/with the big supermarkets.
Consumer: p.51 (noun) a person who buys goods or services for their own use(cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The new telephone rates will affect all consumers including businesses.
Bombard: p.51 (verb) to attack a place with continuous shooting or bombs (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The troops bombarded the city, killing and injuring hundreds.
Commercial: p.51 (adjective) related to buying and selling things (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The commercial future of the company looks very promising.
Pitch: p.51 (noun) an area painted with lines for playing particular sports, especially football(cambridge dictionariesex.: Supporters invaded the pitch
Valuable: p.51 (adjective) worth a lot of money(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: This is losing valuable business for the company.
Outsourcing: p.59 (noun) if a company outsources, it pays to have part of its work done by another company (cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The management guaranteed that outsourcing wouldn´t mean job less.
Globalisation: p.59 (noun) the increase of trade around the world, especiasally by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: We must take advantage of the increased globalization of the commodity trading business.
Cost savings:p.59 (noun) the fact of saving money, or of spending less money than was planned (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: In the present economic climate cost saving is vital to profitability.
Operating costs:p.59 (noun) a cost involved in using a machine, piece of equipment, building, etc.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The floodlight uses one of the most common lamp series in use, for greater availability at lower operating costs.
Offshoring: p.59 (noun) the practice of paying someone in another country to do part of a company's work.(cambridge dictionaries)ex.:
Back office:p.59 (noun) the part of a company that does not deal directly with customers. (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: The back office plays a vitual role in the timely settlement of deals.
Facilities:p.59 (noun) the buildings , equipment and services procided for a particular purpose. (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: shopping facilities.
Labour:p.59 (noun) practical work, especially that which involves physical effort. (cambridge dictionaries)ex.: The car parts themselves are not expensive, it's the labour that costs the money.
Redundant:p.61 (adjective) having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you. (cambridge dictionaries) ex.:To keep the company alive, half the workforce is being made redundant.
Layoffs:p.61 (noun) when someone stops employing someone, sometimes temporarily, because there is no money to pay them or because there is no work for them.(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: The recent economic crisis has led to massive layoffs.
White-collar work:p.61 (adjective) relating to people who work in offices, doing work that needs mental rather than physical effort. (campbridge dictionaries)ex.:
Immigrants:p.61 (noun) a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently.(cambridge dictionaries)ex.: Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.
Surplus:p.61 (noun) an amount which is more than is needed.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.:The world is now producing large food surpluses.
Expand: p.61(verb) to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.: The air in the balloon expands when heated.
Goods: p.61 (plurar noun) food, such as coffee and flour, that is solid and dry.
Services: p.61 (plural noun) the part of an organization which answers customers' questions, exchanges goods which have been damaged.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
Backlash: p.61 (noun) a strong feeling among a group of people in reaction to a change or recent events in society or politics.(cambridge dictionaries) ex.:
the Sixties backlash against bourgeois materialism.
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